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1.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 27(9): 3389-3398, set. 2022.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1394247

ABSTRACT

Resumo Este artigo contribui para conhecermos melhor as condições a que africanos estavam submetidos no imediato desembarque, estendendo o estudo para além do navio. Destaca a importância dos africanos orientais no Sudeste brasileiro no início do século XIX, o que deve ser considerado para o aprofundamento da análise sobre reinvenções identitárias, doenças e práticas de cura. As dores dessas pessoas tiveram como pano de fundo os debates e as negociações políticas em torno da proibição do tráfico atlântico e da independência do Brasil.


Abstract This article contributes to a better understanding of the conditions which Africans endured immediately after landing in Brazil, taking the study beyond what happened in the slave ships. It highlights the importance of Eastern Africans in the southeast of Brazil, in the beginning of the nineteenth century, something that must be considered in order to do a deeper analysis of identity reinventions, diseases, and healing practices. The background of the suffering of those people can be found in the debates and political negotiations surrounding the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade and the independence of Brazil.

2.
Rev. bras. estud. popul ; 39: e0209, 2022. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1387860

ABSTRACT

Analisamos comparativamente informes demográficos de qualidade aceitável acerca dos escravizados nascidos na África para Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Maranhão de 1804 a 1848. As parcelas dos nascidos na África em relação aos escravizados e às razões de sexo de todos os cativos, de acordo com as idades, auxiliaram-nos a remontar a dinâmica retrospectiva da chegada dos africanos às regiões. Supondo certas hipóteses e procedimentos, a partir das coortes etárias, estimamos as proporções de africanos e as razões de sexo da população cativa para os períodos anteriores aos das listas nominativas de habitantes. A dinâmica retrospectiva da introdução de africanos reconstruída mostrou-se bastante correlacionada à história econômica das diferentes regiões estudadas.


We compare the surviving enslaved people present in demographic censuses of acceptable quality for Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Maranhão from 1804 to 1848. The share of those born in Africa in relation to slaves and the sex ratio of all captives according to their ages helped us find the retrospective dynamics of the arrival of Africans to these regions. When using age cohorts, we estimate, assuming certain hypotheses and procedures, the proportions of Africans and the sex ratios of the captive population for periods prior to those of the nominative lists of inhabitants. The retrospective dynamics of the reconstructed introduction of these Africans proved to be closely correlated with the economic history of the different regions analyzed.


Analizamos comparativamente a los sobrevivientes esclavizados presentes en los informes demográficos evaluados como de calidad aceptable para Minas Gerais, São Paulo y Maranhão entre 1804 y 1848. La proporción de los nacidos en África en relación con los esclavizados y la proporción de sexos de todos los cautivos, según las edades, nos ayudaron a trazar la dinámica retrospectiva de la llegada de africanos a estas regiones. Utilizando las cohortes de edad, estimamos, asumiendo ciertas hipótesis y procedimientos, las proporciones de africanos y las proporciones de sexos de la población cautiva para períodos anteriores a las listas nominativas de habitantes. La dinámica retrospectiva de la introducción reconstruida de africanos demostró estar altamente correlacionada con la historia económica de las diferentes regiones estudiadas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Demography , Africa , Enslaved Persons , Birth Cohort , Brazil , Sex Distribution , Censuses , Exportation of Products
3.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 27(4): 1125-1147, Oct.-Dec. 2020. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1142987

ABSTRACT

Resumo No início do século XX, alguns médicos portugueses foram à África estudar a chamada doença do sono. Entre eles estava Ayres Kopke, membro da primeira missão médica à África Ocidental Portuguesa. De regresso a Lisboa, o professor da Escola de Medicina Tropical continuou suas pesquisas, inclusive por meio da observação de doentes trazidos para a metrópole. Desde 1903, as repartições de saúde nas colônias estavam incumbidas de enviar doentes com determinadas patologias exóticas para o Hospital Colonial de Lisboa. Com base em documentos desse hospital, incluindo fotografias dos doentes, então chamados de hipnóticos, o artigo aborda a importância das experiências com humanos na metrópole para o avanço da medicina tropical durante o colonialismo.


Abstract At the start of the twentieth century, some Portuguese physicians traveled to Africa to study sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis). One was Ayres Kopke, a member of the first medical mission to Portuguese West Africa and professor at the School of Tropical Medicine. After returning to Lisbon, Kopke continued his research, which included observation of patients brought to the metropolis. Starting in 1903, health departments in the colonies were responsible for sending patients with certain exotic diseases to the Colonial Hospital of Lisbon. Based on documents from this hospital including photographs of patients (who at that time were called "hypnotics"), this article discusses the importance of human experiments in Lisbon for advances in tropical medicine during the colonial period.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , History, 20th Century , Tropical Medicine/history , Trypanosomiasis, African/history , Colonialism/history , Medical Missions/history , Portugal , Africa, Western , Hospitals/history , Human Experimentation/history
4.
Int. j. morphol ; 36(2): 544-550, jun. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-954152

ABSTRACT

Geometric features of vertebrobasilar system influence occurrence of posterior circulation atherosclerosis, aneurysms, stroke and neuroradiological procedures. These features show ethnic variation, but data from black Africans in Sub Saharan Africa are scarce. This study aimed to describe geometric features of vertebrobasilar system in a black Kenyan population. It was a descriptive cadaveric study at Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi. One hundred and seventy three formalin-fixed adult brains of individuals (99 male; 74 female; Age range 20 - 79) who had died of non cerebrovascular causes were studied. Level and angle of confluence of vertebral artery; diameter, length and bifurcation angles of basilar artery were measured. Data were analysed by SPSS version 21 for windows. The student t - test was used to determine the sex differences at 95 % confidence interval. Data are presented in macrographs, tables and bar charts. Confluence of vertebral arteries occurred at the sulcus bulbopontinus in 79.8 %; rostral to it in 11.5 % and caudal to it in 8.7 % of cases. Mean angle of vertebral artery confluence was 46.7º and 68.9º in males and females respectively (p£0.042). Mean length of the basilar artery was 26.8 mm; 26.3 mm in males and 27.1 mm in females (p=0.465). Mean diameter was 3.52 mm; 3.32 mm in males and 3.72 mm in females (p=0.002). The mean angle of basilar artery bifurcation was 120.3º ± 15.2; 99.3º ± 32.9 in males and 140.3º ± 16.1 in females (p=0.024). It was wider than 90º in 82.9 % of males and 95.9 % females (p=0.032). In 85 (49.1 %) it was wider than 120º. The vertebrobasilar system in the Kenyan population has geometric features that constitute risk factors for atherosclerosis. These features display sex dimorphism which may explain differences in prevalence of atherosclerosis and aneurysms. Neurosurgeons and neurologists should be aware of these differences. Individuals with risk prone geometric features should be followed up for atherosclerosis.


Las características geométricas del sistema vertebrobasilar influyen en la aparición de aterosclerosis en la circulación posterior, aneurismas, apoplejía, detectados durante procedimientos neurorradiológicos. Estas características muestran variación étnica, pero los datos de los africanos negros en el África Subsahariana son escasos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir las características geométricas del sistema vertebrobasilar en una población negra de Kenia. Fue un estudio descriptivo cadavérico en el Departamento de Anatomía Humana de la Universidad de Nairobi. Se estudiaron 173 cerebros adultos (99 varones, 74 mujeres, rango de edad 20-79), fijados en formalina, de individuos que habían fallecido por causas no cerebrovasculares. Se midieron el nivel y ángulo de confluencia de la arteria vertebral, diámetro, longitud y bifurcación de la arteria basilar. Los datos fueron analizados por SPSS versión 21 para Windows. La prueba t de Student se utilizó para determinar las diferencias de sexo con un intervalo de confianza del 95 %. Los datos se presentan en macrografías, tablas y gráficos de barras. La confluencia de las arterias vertebrales se produjo en el surco bulbopontino en el 79,8 %; rostral al surco en 11,5 % y caudal al surco en 8,7 % de los casos. El ángulo medio de la confluencia de la arteria vertebral fue 46,70 y 68,90 en hombres y mujeres, respectivamente (p£0,042). La longitud media de la arteria basilar fue de 26,8 mm; 26,3 mm en hombres y 27,1 mm en mujeres (p=0,465). El diámetro promedio fue de 3,52 mm; 3,32 mm en hombres y 3,72 mm en mujeres (p=0,002). El ángulo medio de la bifurcación de la arteria basilar fue de 120,30 ± 15,2; 99.30 ± 32,9 en hombres y 140,30 ± 16,1en mujeres (p=0,024). Era más amplio que 90º. En un 82,9 % de los hombres y 95,9 % de las mujeres (p=0,032) se observó un ángulo más amplio que 90°. En 85 (49,1 %) fue más amplio que 120°. El sistema vertebrobasilar en la población de Kenia tiene características geométricas que constituyen factores de riesgo para la aterosclerosis. Estas características muestran dimorfismo sexual que puede explicar las diferencias en la prevalencia de aterosclerosis y aneurismas. Los neurocirujanos y los neurólogos deben tener en cuenta estas diferencias. Las personas con características geométricas propensas al riesgo deben ser seguidas por aterosclerosis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Basilar Artery/anatomy & histology , Vertebral Artery/anatomy & histology , Sex Characteristics , Black People , Kenya
5.
Psicol. soc. (Online) ; 29: e162231, 2017. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-955835

ABSTRACT

Resumo Trata-se de um estudo exploratório de natureza qualitativa, orientado pelo construcionismo social e pela psicologia social discursiva. Teve como principal objetivo analisar os significados que circunscrevem a experiência migratória para fins de estudo através dos relatos de africanos(as) vinculados(as) ao Programa de Convênio Estudantil- PEC-G numa universidade localizada no interior do Nordeste brasileiro. Foi realizada observação participante durante seis meses e entrevistas semiestruturadas com oito acadêmicos. As construções discursivas sinalizaram que a migração era uma forma de adquirir formação acadêmica em outro país; nesse sentido, o PEC-G facilitava a concretização desse projeto migratório, além de ser vantajoso por possibilitar o acesso ao ensino superior gratuito, também representava possibilidade de promoção social. Nesse deslocamento, em que há um projeto individual e familiar evidente, os estudantes tiveram contato com outras visões de mundo e comportamentos que lhes permitiram elaborar novos significados, colaborando assim no processo de adaptação.


Resumen Presentamos aquí un estudio exploratorio cualitativo guiado por el construccionismo social y la psicología social discursiva. Su principal objetivo es analizar los significados que cirscuncriben a la experiencia migratoria de los estudiantes africanos vinculados al programa PEC-G. Esta investigación se realizó en una universidad del Nordeste del Brasil, utilizando observación participante durante seis meses y entrevistas semiestructuradas con ocho individuos académicos. Las construcciones discursivas señalaron que la migración es un modo de adquirir la formación académica en otro país, en este sentido el PEC-G facilitó la realización de este proyecto de migración, Además de ser ventajoso por permitir el acceso a la educación superior gratuita, también representa la posibilidad de promoción social. En este desplazamiento, en el que hay un proyecto individual y familiar evidente, los estudiantes tuvieron contacto con otras visiones del mundo y comportamientos que les permitieron elaborar nuevos significados, colaborando así en el proceso de adaptación.


Abstract Here we present an exploratory qualitative study guided by social constructionism and discursive psychological approach. Its main objective is to analyze the meanings around the migratory experience on African students linked to the PEC-G partnership program. This research took place at a Northeast Brazilian university, using participant observation for six months and semi-structured interviews with eight academic individuals. Among the main results we highlight the facilitated access to higher education through PEC-G (at a low cost in Brazil) as well as the aspiration of social promotion. Within this process there's an evidence of individual and family investment, the contact with other worldviews and behaviors that enable them to elaborate new meanings, and playing an influence on their process of adaptation.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Students , Universities , Universities , Human Migration , Brazil , Africa , Emigrants and Immigrants/education
6.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 19(supl.1): 81-106, dez. 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-662505

ABSTRACT

Apresentam-se agregações seriais sobre a demografia atlântica africana no Rio de Janeiro nos séculos XVII, XVIII e nas primeiras décadas do XIX, destacando os registros eclesiásticos de óbitos, casamentos e batizados. Representam resultados parciais (e locais) de um estudo demográfico mais amplo em andamento sobre diversas regiões urbanas e rurais do Brasil escravista a partir de variados registros históricos nos quais são analisados os padrões sociodemográficos (idade, ocupação, parentesco, doença, sexo, preço) e as variações dos etnônimos africanos entre 1650-1870.


The article presents serial data on African Atlantic demographics in Rio de Janeiro in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and early decades of the nineteenth century, highlighting parish death, marriage, and baptismal registers. These represent partial, local findings from a broader demographic study underway on various urban and rural regions of slaveholding Brazil, based on a variety of historical registers, which are used in an analysis of sociodemographic patterns (age, occupation, kinship, disease, gender, price) and variations in African ethnonyms from 1650 through 1870.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Demography , Enslavement , Brazil , Rural Areas , Vital Statistics , Urban Area , Black or African American/history , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Gender Identity
7.
Invest. clín ; 51(3): 403-414, Sept. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-574448

ABSTRACT

Hemoglobin City of Hope (HbCH) (HBB: c.208G>A, beta 69 (E13)Gly>Ser) is a rare, anomalous change. Seven independent carriers reported so far, had not displayed any hematological manifestations. The ethnic origin of the known instances is presumably heterogeneous, although they are mainly Mediterraneans or equatorial West Africans. We describe the case of a compound heterozygote in trans for Hb S (Glu6Val) and Hb City of Hope (Gly69Ser) in an anemic two year-old boy with a severe immune-deficient phenotype and fatal chronic parvovirus B19 infection. Haplotype with the Hb S was Bantu; while it was a mixed atypical Benin/Cameroon for Hb CH. Remote ancestral origin of the City of Hope mutation in this family seems to be SubSaharan African. The compound heterozygosis in trans for hemoglobins S and City of Hope, jointly with an unfavorable HBB control region background and a viral chronic infection, seemed the cause of the fatal outcome in the patient. When accompanied by other Hb deleterious mutations in trans, Hb CH should not be considered any longer as an innocuous or functionally silent variant.


La hemoglobina City of Hope (HbCH) (HBB: c.208G>A, beta 69 (E13)Gly>Ser) es una variante infrecuente, considerada como anómala. Ninguno de los siete heterocigotos simples, genéticamente no relacionados, reportados hasta ahora, ha mostrado hemopatología. El origen étnico de esos casos es presuntamente heterogéneo, pero la mayoría parece mediterráneo o africano-ecuatorial occidental. Se describe el caso de un niño de dos años de edad con fenotipo hipoplásico mieloeritroideo severo e infección crónica por parvovirus B19, heterocigoto compuesto en trans para las hemoglobinas S (Glu6Val) y City of Hope (Gly69Ser ). El haplotipo en fase con la Hb S fue Bantú, mientras que el de la Hb CH fue un combinado atípico Benin/Camerún. El origen ancestral remoto de la mutación City of Hope (y de la Hb S) en esta familia es africano subsahariano. La heterocigosis compuesta en trans para las hemoglobinas S y City of Hope y una secuencia génica predisponente en la región de control de HBB, conjuntamente con la infección por parvovirus B19 pueden ser la causa del curso fatal del paciente. En presencia de otras mutaciones de hemoglobina deletéreas, la Hb City of Hope no debiera ser considerada una variante inocua o funcionalmente silenciosa.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child, Preschool , Anemia, Sickle Cell , Heterozygote , Haplotypes/genetics , Hemoglobin, Sickle/genetics , Bone Marrow/injuries
8.
Saúde Soc ; 18(4): 590-608, out.-dez. 2009.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-534225

ABSTRACT

Este artigo foca o tema controverso das biopolíticas da depressão em imigrantes, em particular nos originários da África sub-sahariana. Os sintomas depressivos, ligados à ansiedade, são identificados também pela nova e mais importante patologia mental dos imigrantes: a Síndroma de Ulisses, de stress múltiplo e crónico, já definido como "o mal do século vinte e um", e que atinge principalmente os africanos. Não só entre estes imigrantes mas também em África, segundo um estudo conduzido pela OMS, a depressão tornou-se uma das principais patologias mentais. O tratamento farmacológico do sofrimento, entendido como fenómeno orgânico, é considerado o único caminho possível, silenciando os processos históricos, políticos e socioeconómicos que lhe estão na base. A atenção é portanto focada na saúde mental do indivíduo, desviando-a de problemas sociais de difícil resolução, que necessitariam de respostas económicas e políticas.


The following article focuses on the controversial issue of the biopolitics of depression in immigrants, especially those originating from Sub-Saharan Africa. Depressive symptoms connected with anxiety are predicted by the new and major mental pathology of the immigrants: the Ulysses Syndrome, a condition of multiple and chronic stress, already defined as the "twenty-first century's affliction", which affects mainly Africans. Depression has become one of the predominant mental disorders not only among African immigrants but in Africa itself, according to research conducted by the WHO. Pharmaceutical treatment of suffering, understood as an organic phenomenon, is considered the only possible route, suppressing the historical, political and socio-economic processes which remain at its foundation. So, the attention placed on the subject's mental health is being diverted from complicated social problems which would require economic and political responses.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anxiety Disorders , Stress, Psychological , Ethnicity , Mental Health , Depression , Emigrants and Immigrants
9.
Int. j. morphol ; 27(1): 201-204, Mar. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-553008

ABSTRACT

Normal values of the tibial slope are necessary for realignment of displaced fractures of the tibia crest, repair of cruciate ligaments and correction of knee deformities. True lateral radiographs of normal knees were obtained in 119 males and 93 female Nigerian subjects. The tibial slope was then measured according to the anterior tibial cortex method. Mean angle in sampled subjects was 12.3 +/- 4.90 (range: 0-240). Sex differences were statistically insignificant (p>0.05). This study provides reference values of tibial slope among indigenous adult Nigerians. It also highlights on the clinical relevance of the angle and the need to establish normal ranges in other African populations.


Los valores normales de la inclinación tibial son necesarios para conocer el reajuste de las fracturas desplazadas de la cresta tibial, reparación de los ligamentos cruzados y corrección de deformidades de la rodilla. Radiografías laterales de rodillas normales fueron obtenidas de 119 hombres y 93 mujeres de Nigeria. La inclinación tibial fue medida de acuerdo al método de la corteza tibial anterior. La media del ángulo de la muestra de los sujetos estudiados fue 12,3 +/- 4,90 (rango: 0-240). Diferencias por sexo fueron estadísticamente significativas (p> 0,05). Este estudio proporciona valores de referencia de pendiente tibial en adultos indígenas nigerianos. También se destaca la relevancia clínica del ángulo y la necesidad de establecer los rangos normales en otras poblaciones africanas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Knee Joint/anatomy & histology , Knee Joint/growth & development , Knee Joint/physiopathology , Tibia/anatomy & histology , Tibia/injuries , Tibia , Biomechanical Phenomena , Collateral Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Collateral Ligaments/physiopathology , Collateral Ligaments , Nigeria/epidemiology
10.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 50(5): 862-868, out. 2006. graf, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-439067

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the presence of maternal and paternal history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in relatives of 644 type 2 diabetic patients from Southern Brazil, and also to evaluate its influence on the clinical characteristics of this disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Familial history of type 2 DM was investigated by a questionnaire. The maternal and paternal history was investigated over two generations. Complete data sets on familial history were obtained from 396 patients. RESULTS: In general, 76.6 percent of the patients reported at least one first-degree affected relative. Besides, 31.6 percent of the patients reported a maternal history of type 2 DM and 12.6 percent reported a paternal history. Patients with maternal and/or paternal history presented a lower age at type 2 DM diagnosis when compared to patients without familial history. In addition, patients with only paternal history presented a higher frequency of hypertension than patients with no familial history. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that there is a significant maternal effect in the transmission of type 2 DM in Southern Brazil, and that most of the clinical characteristics of this disease do not differ between patients with or without familial history of type 2 DM.


OBJETIVOS: Investigar a presença de história materna e paterna de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM) entre familiares de 644 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 provenientes do sul do Brasil, bem como avaliar sua influência nas características clínicas dessa doença. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: A história familiar de DM tipo 2 foi investigada através de um questionário, sendo que a presença de história materna e paterna foi investigada em duas gerações. Dados completos sobre história familiar foram obtidos para 396 pacientes. RESULTADOS: Em geral, 76,6 por cento dos pacientes reportaram ao menos um familiar em primeiro grau afetado por DM tipo 2. Além disso, 31,6 por cento dos pacientes relataram uma história materna de DM tipo 2 e 12,6 por cento relataram uma história paterna. Pacientes com história materna e/ou paterna apresentaram uma idade de diagnóstico de DM tipo 2 mais baixa quando comparado a pacientes sem história familiar. Adicionalmente, pacientes que relataram apenas história paterna de DM tipo 2 apresentaram uma maior freqüência de hipertensão do que pacientes sem história familiar. CONCLUSÕES: Nosso estudo sugere que há um efeito materno significativo na transmissão do DM tipo 2 no Sul do Brasil, e que a maioria das características clínicas dessa doença não difere entre pacientes com e sem história familiar de DM tipo 2.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Middle Aged , /genetics , Fathers , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Mothers , Age of Onset , Black People/genetics , Albuminuria/urine , Blood Glucose/analysis , Brazil/ethnology , /ethnology , Epidemiologic Methods , White People/genetics , Medical History Taking , Pedigree
11.
Rev. biol. trop ; 52(3): 645-657, sept. 2004. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-501716

ABSTRACT

The STR (AAAAT)n within intron 1 of the TP53 locus was screened in 17 populations from 3 main ethnic groups: Europeans, Asiatics, and Africans, and from the hybrid population of Costa Rica (1968 samples). Three alleles, 126/7 (bp/copies of the repeat), 131/8 and 136/9 were the most prevalent in all populations. Other alleles rarely reached frequencies of 10% or higher. Observed heterozygosities ranged between 0.351 and 0.829. Patterns of diversity fit well with both the geographic origin of the samples and the history of the populations screened. A statistical test suggests that single-step mutational events have been the main mechanism producing new alleles at this locus. Fixation indexes (R(ST)) for this marker showed an effect of population subdivision on divergence only within the Asiatic group; they were insensitive at the level of major ethnic groups as well as within Africans and within Europeans.


Subject(s)
Humans , Gene Frequency/genetics , Racial Groups/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , /genetics , Microsatellite Repeats/genetics , Phylogeny , Introns/genetics
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